This project set focuses on addressing the potential health effects of EMF and RF on humans and non-human biota. For more than 30 years, EPRI has been systematically evaluating a broad range of health concerns related to EMF and RF exposures. However, scientific gaps still exist for some health outcomes like childhood leukemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, new technological innovations and applications often evoke old concerns and new questions about health and safety (e.g., impacts of air ions from high voltage direct current [HVDC] lines on human health).